The first academic programmes in sports science were studied in the UK in Initially, it included biology, biochemistry, physiology, biomechanics, mathematics, psychology and sociology.
Nowadays, the sports science programmes may include economics, recreation sport development, coaching and computer science also Reilly and Williams The first Bachelor of Science degree which combined science and football together was offered at Liverpool John Moores University in Performance analysis in football was one of the core modules.
You may realize both terms are used in books and articles as they are very similar. In my opinion, match analysis focuses everything about the matches, e. Performance analysis has a wider coverage and includes more disciplines. In short, match analysis is part of the performance analysis. Apart from match analysis, performance analysis includes player recruitment, player evaluation, training analysis, trend analysis and even referees analysis Prozone However, you may realize that some of these disciplines are just the further development of match analysis, e.
Therefore, I think match analysis is the core part of performance analysis. I will focuses on match analysis in the following paragraphs. Some people may argue that soccer is an art, especially if you watch the Zinadine Zidane played. In terms of preparation, science information is helpful for coaches and trainers to make decisions and judgement.
For opposition, we can use data to counter opposing strengths and exploit weaknesses. Moreover, match analysis can be used to evaluate whether the training programmes improve the match performance or not Carling et al. Another research indicated that coaches are able to recall fewer than half of the key incidents Carling et al.
Another reason is that the coach may not be able to get the information objectively. Neisser found that the accuracy of memories of events I greatly influenced by many factors, e. In other words, coaches are active observers rather than passive perceivers of information. Their perception of events would not be a copying process but rather a selective and constructive one Reilly In my opinion, match analysis can be divided into two categories: Notational analysis and Motion analysis.
Notational analysis is a means of recording events so that there is an accurate and objective record of what actually took place Carling et al. There should be at least five elements which should be recorded: the position where? Reep and Benjamin were the early researchers in hand notation system. They collected data from matches between and and recorded actions such as passing and shooting.
In terms of computerized notation system, Matchviewer of Prozone is a good example which provides the data of passing, heading, shooting, tackling etc. Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses. The following table summarizes part of it. Table 1: Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of hand and computerized notation system. It can specify work rates of the players in different positions and distances covered in a game Reilly and Williams This analysis is useful in identifying fatigue and differentiating between positional differences in work rate and fitness levels e.
There are three elements which should be measured: intensity walking, jogging, cruising and sprinting , duration or distance and frequency. Prozone3 is software of Prozone which provides this sort of data. Nowadays, most of the motion analysis would be done by computer as it is difficult for people to record how many metres a player ran in a match. However, in the old days, researchers had to do it by hand. Reilly and Thomas recorded and analyzed the intensity and extent of discrete activities.
They combined hand notation with tape to analyse the movement of the players. Performance analysis is becoming more popular in lower leagues and more football clubs will set up the performance analysis department in future.
There is still much room for the development of performance analysis. Match analysis is different from performance analysis but it is the core part of performance analysis. The aim of doing analysis is to provide objective information and analysis for the coach about past performance either team or individual. Both systems have their own strengths and weaknesses. Eyewitness testimony in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 9, Services [online][viewed 5 September ].
REEP, C. Skill and chance in association football. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A , , A motion analysis of work-rate in different positional roles in professional football match-play. Journal of Human Movement Studies, 2, Science and Soccer. Oxon: Routledge. Tags: match analysis , motion analysis , notational analysis , Performance analysis , Prozone.
Email Address:. Join us!! As Hughes and Franks described, by receiving objective data of what happened during a game, a coach can make a more informed decision by enhancing his or her abilities to accurately assess the events of a game and improving the quality of feedback he is able to provide to the players.
A big miss by a striker might be recalled by coaches and other players more vividly than the same's striker effective positioning or successful dribbling in the same game. At a professional level, we often hear pundits and fans rate a player's performance in a game based on a small number of noticeable actions that took place, such as a missed penalty or a defender's mistake that led to a one-on-one chance by the opposition team.
However, through notational analysis, a more complete view of that player's performance may provide a more accurate perspective on the players contribution in the game and inform any future decisions towards that player, such as training structure or upcoming match presence.
Different teams in different sports will define their own frameworks of performance indicators that allows them to identify the areas in the game they are most interested in evaluating. This means that there is a wide range of information that is captured today in notational analysis depending on the environment the analyst is working in. This is in part due to the lack of a common set of performance indicators being identified as the key to sporting success, particularly in team sports where it is practically impossible to account for every single events that could lead to winning a match.
A football team may consider percentage of shots on target, possession percentage and pass completion rate to be their performance indicators to benchmark themselves against for a game, while a different team in the same sport may want to consider possession percentage on the opposition's last third, defensive tackles won and total number of shots.
As Hughes stated in , while all these may be considered valid information to collect, the lack of a common framework across sport may be slowing down the research and analysis to develop notational analysis further.
There are certain challenges in notational analysis, particularly when it comes to live events. A single analyst notating events and patterns in real time may be subjected to human error or miss certain actions. This is why most sport statistics companies and elite sporting organisations employ several analysts to collect the same performance indicators on a live game, allowing to compare notated statistics between analysts with the purpose of improving the accuracy of the data collected.
Another challenge of the notational analysis process is subjectivity, were events notated that have a certain degree of ambiguity may be captured differently by different analysts.
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