The Arab world discovered the secrets of papermaking in AD , when the governor-general of the Caliphate of Bagdad captured two Chinese papermakers in Samarkand and, with their help, founded a paper mill in the Uzbek city.
From here, aided by an abundance of hemp and linen , two high-quality raw materials perfect for making paper, production spread to other cities in Asia, particularly Baghdad and Damascus. The process for making paper employed by the Arabs involved garnetting and macerating rags in water to obtain a homogenous pulp, which was then sifted to separate the macerated fibres from the water. The sheets thus obtained were subsequently pressed, dried and finally covered with a layer of rice starch to make them more receptive to ink.
In the same period, people in Egypt and North Africa also started to make paper using the same techniques employed in the Arab world. However, paper was quickly considered an inferior-quality material compared to parchment, so much so that, in , Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II prohibited its use for public documents. Rice starch, in fact, was an attractive food source for insects, which meant sheets of paper did not last long.
The history of paper owes much to the paper makers of Fabriano , a small town in the Marche region of Italy, who started producing paper using linen and hemp in the 12th century. By using new equipment and production techniques, these papermakers introduced important innovations :.
Watermarking involved using metal wires to add decorations to paper which became visible when the sheet was held up to the light, allowing hallmarks, signatures, ecclesiastical emblems and other symbols to be inserted.
From the 14th century, papermaking began to spread to other European countries and, at the end of the 15th century, with the invention of movable-type printing , production really took off. The discovery of America and the subsequent European colonisation brought papermaking to the New World. The industrial manufacture of paper began in the 19th century with the expansion of mass-circulation newspapers and the first best-selling novels, which required enormous quantities of cheap cellulose.
In , Louis Nicolas Robert created the first Fourdrinier machine, which was able to produce a cm-long sheet. An official history written some centuries later explained: In ancient times writing was generally on bamboo or on pieces of silk, which were then called ji. But silk being expensive and bamboo heavy, these twoich materials were not conveninet.
Then Tsai Lun thought of using tree bark,n hemp, rags, and fish nets. In he made a report to the emperor on the process of paper making, and received high praise for his ability.
From this time paper has been in use everywhere and is called the "paper of Marquis Tsai. Around A. July 9, Update in Brief. Finally, in , the first U. Recycling has always been a part of papermaking. Pizza Boxes are Recyclable. In , Frederick II forbade further use of paper for public documents; which were in future to be inscribed on vellum. In Venice the Liber plegiorum, the entries in which begin with the year , is made of rough paper; as are the registers of the Council of Ten, beginning in ; and the register of the emperor Henry VII.
In the British Museum there is an older example in a manuscript. Arundel which contains some astronomical treatises written on an excellent paper in an Italian hand from the first half of the 13th century. The letters addressed from Castile to Edward I. Stutermeister , 11 There is a record of paper being used by the Empress Irene in Greece at the end of the 13th century, but with one doubtful exception, there are no extant Greek manuscripts on paper before the middle of the 13th century.
The English word "ream" meaning sheets is derived through Spanish and French from the Arabic word rizmah that translates as "a bundle". Felipe de Javita in the ancient city of Valencia and it can be dated to AD Papermaking continued under Moorish rule until when the moors were expelled.
Paper making then began to gradually spread across Christian Europe. Bamboo molds were common in China, but it was not readily available in Europe. The bamboo allowed the mold to be flexible, but the European rigid wire mold, was better suited to the formation of rag fiber.
Europeans also invented the Fence or Deckle, which keeps the paper within bonds Hunter , The earliest paper was called 'cloth parchment', but it often contained wood and straw in addition to cloth. All these raw materials were beaten to a fine pulp and mixed with water. Sheets of paper were then pressed out, dried and hardened. The demand for paper was slight in the 1st Century Europe Hunter , Paper cost more than vellum, it was more fragile than parchment and it was associated with Jews and Arabs who were not trusted.
Hunter , 61 In fact, The Church in Western Europe initially banned the use of paper calling it a 'pagan art' believing that animal parchment was the only thing 'holy' enough to carry the Sacred Word. Hunter , The first representation of the printing process is the wood print Der Papierer by Jost Amman in the Little Book of trades. Hunter , 5. In Italy the first great center of the paper-making industry was Fabriano in the marquisate of Ancona.
Mills were established in , and rose to importance with the decline of the manufacture in Spain. This document clearly points to the existence of a number of paper factories, and implies a well developed commercial activity. Fabriano was the first manufacturing center to harness water power to drive the fibrillation pulping process, previously a labor intensive manual activity.
In a factory was established at and Treviso ; and other factories were quickly established in the territories of Florence, Bologna, Parma, Milan, Venice. The factories of northern Italy supplied southern Germany with paper as late as the 15th century. The earliest German factories are said to have been set up between Cologne and Mainz, and in Mainz itself about Ulman Stromer established a mill in at Nuremberg, with the aid of Italian workmen.
Ratisbon and Augsburg were other sites of early manufacture. Western Germany, the Netherlands and England, are said to have obtained paper at first from France and Burgundy then through the markets of Bruges, Antwerp and Cologne. By the second half of the 14th Century, the use of paper for all literary purposes had become established in all of Western Europe. In the course of the 15th century vellum was gradually superseded by paper.
Some later manuscripts would use a mixture of vellum and paper. The Council Statute of prohibited anyone within a radius of 50 miles from Fabriano buildings from manufacturing paper or teaching paper making secrets to those not residing within the Council territory, pending a fine of 50 ducats. A later prohibition has even stiffer penalties.
Transgressors were considered "rebels" and thereby banned from the city with consequent capital confiscation. The extent of the power of the local tribunal's protection of the Fabriano papermakers is highlighted in a document.
Council priors, concerned that if maestro Piero di Stefano, the only artisan who practiced the "modular" art in the Marche province died his craft would die with him. The Council demanded the old maestro to teach the craft to his son or any apprentice in his workshop and not to construct or repair screens used outside the district of Fabriano or he would be penalized with a fine of ducats.
It must be constructed so that it will support the weight of the paste and the water without deforming the paper. The British Museum has a register Add.
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