This campaign not only encouraged further political witch-hunting of this alleged conspiratorial group, but also targeted any group of people who opposed the new revolutionary committees. This was the longest campaign during the Cultural Revolution; it lasted until , the official end of the Cultural Revolution. The average death toll in each of the 2, counties in China was above However, the death toll in a number of counties greatly exceeded this average.
Soon Special Cases Personnel, torture chambers, illegal courts and prisons appeared throughout Inner Mongolia. The cruelty of the persecution not only matched the worst in Chinese history, but was also on a massive scale.
In the end, this fabricated case resulted in 17, deaths and 61, cases of permanent deformity, in addition to a total of 1. In the battle, noncombatants were killed and several cases of torture followed. At least 10 to 20 thousand members of militias and mobs participated in the cannibalization waves across the province. During this period, cannibalism became a trend widely diffused over ten counties, and resulted in a total of victims.
Among them, Wuxuan County had the most notorious and the highest number of cases. By the end of July, 12 companies of armed troops in Guangxi Provincial Military District attacked the mass faction in Nanning city, killing 3, and capturing 9, After the battle, 2, of the disarmed prisoners were executed.
The Guangxi Revolutionary Committee, a new organ of power, was set up on August 21, As a result unarmed civilians were killed, and 70 were taken prisoners. In only 11 days, 3, people were executed by local public security officers and militias. Among those victims, households were wiped out completely Song, The highest death figure among these six counties was that of Yangchun County. Another contributing factor was a new wave of inter-elite struggles that burst out in the Party Central between Mao and his lieutenants during the last four years of the Cultural Revolution.
This inter-power struggle had a dramatic result, in which Lin Biao and some of his family members fled in panic and died in a plane crash in Mongolia on September 13, In order to balance the power in the Party Central, Mao made a series of concessions with the veteran leaders he had formerly denounced.
To ensure the continuation of his Cultural Revolution legacy, Mao finally decided to purge Deng from the central leadership again in November , one year before his own death in However, this period did not witness a peaceful ending of mass killings. Second, the new purges of the internal power struggles inevitably created new political witch-hunts against other people and cadres.
Finally, armed force was used to suppress ethnic conflicts. A large armed force was used, which included a division from the 14th Corps, soldiers from Mengzi military sub-district, one artillery regiment, and thousands of local militias. Since this movement was taking place simultaneously in major cities across the nation, the severe crackdown was widespread all over China.
Formally redressed two years after the Cultural Revolution, the Tiananmen Incident, as part of a broader April Fifth Movement in urban China, not only pronounced the bankruptcy of the Cultural Revolution but also marked the first instance when ordinary citizens came together and challenged the regime.
The Cultural Revolution ended. SONG, Yongyi, ed. ZHU, Baohe ed. When Khrushchev took Stalin off his pedestal, the Soviet state still had Lenin as its idealized founding father. That allowed Khrushchev to purge the dictator without delegitimizing the Soviet state. Thus, after Mao died, the Communist Party settled on a formula of declaring that Mao had made mistakes—about 30 percent of what he did was declared wrong and 70 percent was right.
Xi Jinping has held fast to this view of Mao in recent years. Xi has warned that neither era can negate the other; they are inseparable. How to deal with Mao? Many Chinese, especially those who lived through his rule, do so by publishing underground journals or documentary films. Perhaps typically for a modern consumer society, though, Mao and his memory have also been turned into kitschy products.
One in ten villagers there died of famine, and people were dragged off and flayed for trying to hide grain from government officials. Today, urbanites go there to decompress from the stresses of modern life. Perhaps because of the revolting idea of a brew pub being named after a famine, the company began in to explain on its website that the name came not from Maoist history but an obscure Song dynasty song.
Best of The New York Review, plus books, events, and other items of interest. But some Chinese see flaws in the authoritarian state.
Ian Johnson is the Stephen A. He is writing a book on counter-histories of China. November Read Next. In the second half of the twentieth century, Americans were taught to see both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union as the greatest of evils. Hitler was worse, because his regime propagated the unprecedented horror of the Holocaust, the attempt to eradicate an entire people on racial grounds.
Yet Stalin…. Hu Jie: Let there be light 12 , News about upcoming issues, contributors, special events, online features, and more. The New York Review of Books: recent articles and content from nybooks.
I consent to having NYR add my email to their mailing list. Submit a letter: Email us letters nybooks. A Most Adaptable Party. Timothy Snyder. Jonathan D. Gavin Jacobson. Kenneth Maxwell. The Editors. Kirkus Reviews. Give a gift. Amid the chaos, the Chinese economy plummeted, with industrial production for dropping 12 percent below that of He soon used the excuse of border clashes with Soviet troops to institute martial law.
In September , Lin died in an airplane crash in Mongolia, apparently while attempting to escape to the Soviet Union.
Members of his high military command were subsequently purged, and Zhou took over greater control of the government. Zhou acted to stabilize China by reviving educational system and restoring numerous former officials to power. In , however, Mao suffered a stroke; in the same year, Zhou learned he had cancer. The two leaders threw their support to Deng Xiaoping who had been purged during the first phase of the Cultural Revolution , a development opposed by the more radical Jiang and her allies, who became known as the Gang of Four.
In the next several years, Chinese politics teetered between the two sides. Deng regained power in and would maintain control over Chinese government for the next 20 years. Some 1. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The Cultural Revolution was a sociopolitical movement in China that began in with Mao Zedong, the leader of the Chinese Communist Party, denouncing the old capitalistic and traditional ways of Chinese life.
Many people suffered during this time, but by , following the In October , during a civil war, embattled Chinese Communists broke through Nationalist enemy lines and began an epic flight from their encircled headquarters in southwest China. Known as the Long March, the trek lasted a year and covered some 4, miles or more, by some
0コメント